Loss of prohibitin 2 in Schwann cells dysregulates key transcription factors controlling developmental myelination.

Schwann cells are critical for the proper development and function of the peripheral nervous system, where they form a mutually beneficial relationship with axons. Past studies have highlighted that a pair of proteins called the prohibitins play major roles in Schwann cell biology. Prohibitins are ubiquitously expressed and versatile proteins. We have previously shown that while prohibitins play a crucial role in Schwann cell mitochondria for long-term myelin maintenance and axon health, they may also be present at the Schwann cell-axon interface during development. Here, we expand on this work, showing that drug-mediated modulation of prohibitins in vitro disrupts myelination and confirming that Schwann cell-specific ablation of prohibitin 2 (Phb2) in vivo results in early and severe defects in peripheral nerve development. Using a proteomic approach in vitro, we identify a pool of candidate PHB2 interactors that change their interaction with PHB2 depending on the presence of axonal signals. Furthermore, we show in vivo that loss of Phb2 in mouse Schwann cells causes ineffective proliferation and dysregulation of transcription factors EGR2 (KROX20), POU3F1 (OCT6) and POU3F2 (BRN2) that are necessary for proper Schwann cell maturation. Schwann cell-specific deletion of Jun, a transcription factor associated with negative regulation of myelination, confers partial rescue of the development defect seen in mice lacking Schwann cell Phb2. This work develops our understanding of Schwann cell biology, revealing that Phb2 may directly or indirectly modulate the timely expression of transcription factors necessary for proper peripheral nervous system development, and proposing candidates that may play a role in PHB2-mediated integration of axon signals in the Schwann cell.

Reactive Arthritis in Children: Case report and Narrative Review and Proposed therapy.

Reactive arthritis is an acute inflammatory aseptic arthritis that is preceded by an infectious process in genetically predisposed individuals. It has been associated with gastrointestinal or genitourinary infection. Reactive arthritis is rare in children. In this review, we present two index cases that need biologic treatment followed by a thorough review of reactive arthritis in children and adolescents with proposed treatment algorithm.

Rehmannioside A Inhibits TRAF6/MAPK Pathway and Improves Psoriasis by Interfering with the Interaction of HaCaT Cells with IL-17A.

Objective: As a common chronic inflammatory skin disease, psoriasis seriously affects the physical health and psychological well-being of patients. Various clinical treatments for psoriasis have their own drawbacks, so it is important to find effective and safe drugs. Rehmannioside A (ReA) has anti-inflammatory properties and is the main active ingredient in Fuzhengzhiyanghefuzhiyang decoction (FZHFZY), an herbal compound for the treatment of psoriasis. But no studies have been conducted to determine whether ReA alone can treat psoriasis. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of ReA in the treatment of psoriasis and its potential mechanism of action. Methods: HaCaT cells were treated with ReA and IL-17A alone for 24 h and 48 h, and the most effective concentrations of ReA and interleukin (IL)-17A were found at 25 µg/mL and 100 ng/mL, respectively. A psoriasis cell model was constructed by stimulating HaCaT cells with IL-17A, followed by intervention with ReA. Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry. The expression levels of keratin family members and chemokines were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and key proteins of TRAF6/MAPK signaling pathway by Western blot. Results: ReA weaken cell viability, down-regulate the expression of keratin family members (KRT6 and KRT17), restore cell cycle distribution to normal distribution, inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1ß) and lower the expression of chemokines (S100A7, S100A9 and CXCL2) by interfering with the interaction between HaCaT cells and IL-17A. Thus, it exerts an anti-psoriatic effect by reducing the inflammatory response and inhibiting abnormal proliferation of HaCaT cells. Mechanistically, ReA inhibited the TRAF6/MAPK signaling pathway activated by IL-17A stimulation in HaCaT cells. Conclusion: ReA has in vitro anti-psoriatic effects and may be a new therapeutic agent for psoriasis.

Neurolaw: Challenges and limits.

This chapter canvasses the current relevance of behavioral neuroscience to the law, especially to issues of criminal responsibility and competence. It begins with an explanation of the legal doctrines at stake. I then explore the source of the often-inflated claims for the legal relevance of neuroscience. The next section discusses the scientific status of behavioral neuroscience. Then, it addresses two radical challenges to current conceptions of criminal responsibility that neuroscience allegedly poses: determinism and the death of agency. The question of the specific relevance of neuroscience to criminal law doctrine, practice, and institutions is considered next. This is followed by a discussion of how neuroscience evidence is being used in criminal cases in five different countries, including the United States. The penultimate section points to some areas warranting modest optimism. A brief conclusion suggests that neuroscience is at present of limited legal relevance, and advances in the science might alter that judgment.

Using a rapid ethnographic assessment to explore vaccine hesitancy on a public university campus in the Upper Midwest.

Objective: This exploratory study examined campus attitudes toward vaccines to guide subsequent development of context-relevant interventions for increasing vaccine acceptance and uptake. Participants: We gathered ethnographic data on a convenience sample of campus community members (students, faculty, staff) at a public university over six weeks in spring 2022. Methods: Student researchers conducted a rapid ethnographic assessment across campus locations. Weekly team debriefs enabled ongoing, iterative refinement of instruments and supplemented observational fieldnotes. Data analysis was inductive and oriented toward practical recommendations for intervention development. Results: Four themes, and attendant recommendations, emerged: 1) social identities and social roles influence health-related beliefs, including vaccination; 2) vaccine knowledge influences vaccination behaviors; 3) language surrounding vaccines (sometimes) matters; 4) vaccines aren't considered part of general health and wellness and can't be forced. Conclusions: Findings highlight the need to address individual, social, and institutional contexts when designing campus-based behavioral interventions for vaccine uptake.

Triggering the Channel-Sulfur Sites in 1T'-ReS2 Cocatalyst toward Splendid Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation.

Electron density manipulation of active sites in cocatalysts is of great essential to realize the optimal hydrogen adsorption/desorption behavior for constructing high-efficient H2 -evolution photocatalyst. Herein, a strategy about weakening metal-metal bond strength to directionally optimize the electron density of channel-sulfur(S) sites in 1T' Re1- x Mox S2 cocatalyst is clarified to improve their hydrogen adsorption strength (S─H bond) for rapid H2 -production reaction. In this case, the ultrathin Re1- x Mox S2 nanosheet is in situ anchored on the TiO2 surface to form Re1- x Mox S2 /TiO2 photocatalyst by a facial molten salt method. Remarkably, numerous visual H2 bubbles are constantly generated on the optimal Re0.92 Mo0.08 S2 /TiO2 sample with a 10.56 mmol g-1  h-1 rate (apparent quantum efficiency is about 50.6%), which is 2.6 times higher than that of traditional ReS2 /TiO2 sample. Density functional theory and in situ/ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results collectively demonstrate that the weakened Re─Re bond strength via Mo introduction can induce the formation of unique electron-deficient channel-S sites with suitable electron density, which yield thermoneutral S─H bonds to realize superior interfacial H2 -generation performance. This work provides fundamental guidance on purposely optimizing the electronic state of active sites by manipulating the intrinsic bonding structure, which opens an avenue for designing efficacious photocatalytic materials.

A regional scale impact and uncertainty assessment of climate change in the Western Ghats in India.

The general circulation models (GCMs) and emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) have proven to be significantly functional in evaluating the impacts of climate change (CC) on hydrology, although their performance and accuracy varies on a regional scale. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance of five CMIP5 GCMs (CanESM2, BNU-ESM, CNRM-CM5, MPI-ESM-LR and MPI-ESM-MR) on a regional scale in the West Flowing River Basins-2 (WFRB-2) in India to model the impact of CC and its scenario uncertainty using reliability ensemble average (REA) method. For quantifying the results, the upper, middle and lower regions of WFRB-2 are separately analysed. The MPIMR and MPILR GCM model shows highest reliability factor range (0.3-0.6) in predicting the annual mean and annual maximum rainfall for most of the grids in the region. The GCM-simulated runoff using VIC (variable infiltration capacity) model is evaluated using statistical parameters such as root mean square error (RMSE), percentage bias (Pbias) and standard deviation (Std). The annual mean (maximum) runoff obtained using REA ensemble shows least RMSE, Pbias and Std values, i.e. 21.08%, 9.10 mm and 8.9 mm (6%, 39.1 mm, 39.1 mm), respectively for the middle region, which demonstrates higher reliability of GCM outputs in the flood-prone regions of WFRB-2. Furthermore, the future projection of annual maximum rainfall/runoff shows an increase of 50 mm/15 mm in the near future (2011-2040) for lower and 20 mm/6 mm for middle regions, which may cause flooding activities in the lower and middle region of WFRB-2.

Concurrent remodelling of nucleolar 60S subunit precursors by the Rea1 ATPase and Spb4 RNA helicase.

Biogenesis intermediates of nucleolar ribosomal 60S precursor particles undergo a number of structural maturation steps before they transit to the nucleoplasm and are finally exported into the cytoplasm. The AAA+-ATPase Rea1 participates in the nucleolar exit by releasing the Ytm1-Erb1 heterodimer from the evolving pre-60S particle. Here, we show that the DEAD-box RNA helicase Spb4 with its interacting partner Rrp17 is further integrated into this maturation event. Spb4 binds to a specific class of late nucleolar pre-60S intermediates, whose cryo-EM structure revealed how its helicase activity facilitates melting and restructuring of 25S rRNA helices H62 and H63/H63a prior to Ytm1-Erb1 release. In vitro maturation of such Spb4-enriched pre-60S particles, incubated with purified Rea1 and its associated pentameric Rix1-complex in the presence of ATP, combined with cryo-EM analysis depicted the details of the Rea1-dependent large-scale pre-ribosomal remodeling. Our structural insights unveil how the Rea1 ATPase and Spb4 helicase remodel late nucleolar pre-60S particles by rRNA restructuring and dismantling of a network of several ribosomal assembly factors.

New-Onset Arthritis Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine has effectively suppressed the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and alleviated its symptoms, but there are also many adverse events. Joint diseases caused by COVID-19 vaccine have been reported in many studies. Some are well-controlled arthritis patients who developed arthritis after COVID-19 vaccination, while others are new-onset joint pain and swelling problems after COVID-19 vaccination. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the literature reports in existing databases and analyze the incidence of new-onset arthritis after COVID-19 vaccination. We included 31 eligible articles and described 45 patients, ranging in age from 17 to over 90, with more females than males. The majority (84.4%) of patients received the adenovirus vector vaccine (ChAdOx1) and the mRNA-based vaccine (BNT126b2 and mRNA-1273). Most (64.4%) patients developed joint-related symptoms after the first dose of vaccine, and 66.7% developed symptoms within the first week of vaccination. The joint symptoms involved were mainly joint swelling, joint pain, limited range of motion, and so on. A total of 71.1% of the patients involved multiple joints, both large and small; 28.9% of patients involved only a single joint. Some (33.3%) patients were confirmed by imaging, and the most common diagnoses were bursitis and synovitis. Two nonspecific inflammatory markers, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), were monitored in almost all cases, and all patients showed varying degrees of increase in these two markers. Most of the patients received the treatment of glucocorticoid drugs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Clinical symptoms markedly improved in most patients, with 26.7% making a full recovery and no relapse after a few months of follow-up. To determine whether there is a causal relationship between COVID-19 vaccination and the triggering of arthritis, large-scale and well-controlled research studies are needed in the future to verify this relationship and to further study its pathogenesis in detail. Clinicians should raise awareness of this complication with a view to early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Does post-COVID reactive arthritis exist? Experience of a tertiary care centre with a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatological manifestations following COVID-19 are various, including Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mainly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features. The current case series describes the clinical profile and treatment outcome of 23 patients with post-COVID-19 ReA. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study of patients with post-COVID-19 arthritis over one year was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients (n=23) with either a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV2 or an anti-COVID-19 antibody test were included. Available demographic details, musculoskeletal symptoms, inflammatory markers, and treatment given were documented. RESULTS: Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 42.8 years. Nineteen patients had had symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the past. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 days with a mean of 25.9 days. The knee was the most involved joint (16 out of 23 cases). Seven patients had inflammatory lower back pain and nine had enthesitis. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids - either depot injection or a short oral course. Three patients required treatment with hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate which were eventually stopped. No relapse was reported in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: On combining our data with 21 other case reports of ReA, a lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetric pattern of arthritis was seen with a female preponderance. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids was effective. However, whether COVID-19 was the definitive aetiology of the arthritis is yet to be proven.

Abrasive Enamel and Dentin Wear Resulting from Brushing with Toothpastes with Highly Discrepant Relative Enamel Abrasivity (REA) and Relative Dentin Abrasivity (RDA) Values.

PURPOSE: To investigate the absolute wear caused by toothpastes with highly discrepant REA (Relative Enamel Abrasivity) and RDA (Relative Dentin Abrasivity) values on both enamel and dentin: Candida Peppermint (CP; REA: 1; RDA: 42), Colgate Total Original (CTO; REA: 4; RDA: 100), Signal White System (SWS; REA: 8; RDA: 143), and Candida White Diamond (CWD; REA 244; RDA: 12). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty (80) bovine enamel samples and 80 dentin samples were divided into four groups each (n = 20) and investigated after a 6-h brushing procedure (21,600 cycles, 60 cycles/min, load of 2.5 N) with the four toothpastes. The abrasive enamel and dentin wear were registered using a contact profilometer. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of the abrasive enamel and dentin wear were calculated for each group. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Wilcoxon signed-rank exact test, and the p-value was adjusted according to Holm (statistical significance set at 0.05). RESULTS: CWD led to the highest abrasive enamel wear (9.86 µm [5.77]). CTO caused the highest abrasive dentin wear (166.70 µm [69.90]), being statistically significantly higher than the wear for CP (54.20 µm [24.00]) and CWD (17.00 µm [7.80]) (p = 0.00001). The abrasive dentin wear for CWD was statistically significantly lower in comparison to all other groups (p = 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Toothpastes with highly discrepant REA and RDA values presented statistically significantly different absolute wear on enamel and dentin. REA and RDA values should both be declared for every toothpaste.

Does post-COVID reactive arthritis exist? Experience of a tertiary care centre with a review of the literature / ¿Existe la artritis reactiva post-COVID?: experiencia de un centro de tercer nivel de atención con revisión de la literatura

Background: Rheumatological manifestations following COVID-19 are various, including Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mainly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features. The current case series describes the clinical profile and treatment outcome of 23 patients with post-COVID-19 ReA. Methods: A retrospective, observational study of patients with post-COVID-19 arthritis over one year was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients (n=23) with either a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV2 or an anti-COVID-19 antibody test were included. Available demographic details, musculoskeletal symptoms, inflammatory markers, and treatment given were documented. Results: Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 42.8 years. Nineteen patients had had symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the past. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 days with a mean of 25.9 days. The knee was the most involved joint (16 out of 23 cases). Seven patients had inflammatory lower back pain and nine had enthesitis. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids – either depot injection or a short oral course. Three patients required treatment with hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate which were eventually stopped. No relapse was reported in any of the patients. Conclusion: On combining our data with 21 other case reports of ReA, a lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetric pattern of arthritis was seen with a female preponderance. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids was effective. However, whether COVID-19 was the definitive aetiology of the arthritis is yet to be proven.(AU)

Antecedentes: Las manifestaciones reumatológicas posteriores al COVID-19 son diversas, entre ellas, la artritis reactiva, que es una forma de oligoartritis asimétrica que afecta principalmente a los miembros inferiores, con o sin características extraarticulares. La serie de casos actual describe el perfil clínico y el resultado del tratamiento de 23 pacientes con artritis reactiva posterior a COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes con artritis post-COVID-19 durante un año en un centro de atención terciaria en India. Se incluyeron pacientes (n=23) con una prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa positiva para SARS-CoV-2 o una prueba de anticuerpos anti-COVID-19. Se documentaron los detalles demográficos disponibles, los síntomas musculoesqueléticos, los marcadores inflamatorios y el tratamiento administrado. Resultados: Dieciséis de los 23 pacientes eran mujeres. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 42,8 años. Diecinueve pacientes habían tenido infección sintomática por COVID-19 en el pasado. La duración entre el inicio de los síntomas de COVID-19 y la artritis osciló entre 5 y 52 días, con una media de 25,9 días. La rodilla fue la articulación más comúnmente involucrada (16 de 23 casos). Siete pacientes tenían dolor lumbar inflamatorio y 9 tenían entesitis. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron tratados con medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y esteroides, ya fuera una inyección de depósito o un ciclo oral corto. Tres pacientes requirieron tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina y metotrexato, que finalmente se suspendieron. No se reportaron recaídas en ninguno de los pacientes. Conclusión: Al combinar nuestros datos con otros 21 informes de casos de artritis reactiva, se observó un patrón de artritis oligoarticular asimétrico predominante en las extremidades inferiores con predominio femenino.(AU)

Does post-COVID reactive arthritis exist? Experience of a tertiary care centre with a review of the literature.

Background: Rheumatological manifestations following COVID-19 are various, including Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mainly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features. The current case series describes the clinical profile and treatment outcome of 23 patients with post-COVID-19 ReA. Methods: A retrospective, observational study of patients with post-COVID-19 arthritis over one year was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients (n = 23) with either a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV2 or an anti-COVID-19 antibody test were included. Available demographic details, musculoskeletal symptoms, inflammatory markers, and treatment given were documented. Results: Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 42.8 years. Nineteen patients had had symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the past. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 days with a mean of 25.9 days. The knee was the most involved joint (16 out of 23 cases). Seven patients had inflammatory lower back pain and nine had enthesitis. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids - either depot injection or a short oral course. Three patients required treatment with hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate which were eventually stopped. No relapse was reported in any of the patients. Conclusion: On combining our data with 21 other case reports of ReA, a lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetric pattern of arthritis was seen with a female preponderance. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids was effective. However, whether COVID-19 was the definitive aetiology of the arthritis is yet to be proven.

Antecedentes: Las manifestaciones reumatológicas posteriores al COVID-19 son diversas, entre ellas, la artritis reactiva, que es una forma de oligoartritis asimétrica que afecta principalmente a los miembros inferiores, con o sin características extraarticulares. La serie de casos actual describe el perfil clínico y el resultado del tratamiento de 23 pacientes con artritis reactiva posterior a COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes con artritis post-COVID-19 durante un año en un centro de atención terciaria en India. Se incluyeron pacientes (n = 23) con una prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa positiva para SARS-CoV-2 o una prueba de anticuerpos anti-COVID-19. Se documentaron los detalles demográficos disponibles, los síntomas musculoesqueléticos, los marcadores inflamatorios y el tratamiento administrado. Resultados: Dieciséis de los 23 pacientes eran mujeres. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 42,8 años. Diecinueve pacientes habían tenido infección sintomática por COVID-19 en el pasado. La duración entre el inicio de los síntomas de COVID-19 y la artritis osciló entre 5 y 52 días, con una media de 25,9 días. La rodilla fue la articulación más comúnmente involucrada (16 de 23 casos). Siete pacientes tenían dolor lumbar inflamatorio y 9 tenían entesitis. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron tratados con medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y esteroides, ya fuera una inyección de depósito o un ciclo oral corto. Tres pacientes requirieron tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina y metotrexato, que finalmente se suspendieron. No se reportaron recaídas en ninguno de los pacientes. Conclusión: Al combinar nuestros datos con otros 21 informes de casos de artritis reactiva, se observó un patrón de artritis oligoarticular asimétrico predominante en las extremidades inferiores con predominio femenino. El número medio de articulaciones afectadas fue de 2,8. A menudo coexistían síntomas axiales y entesitis. El tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y esteroides intraarticulares fue eficaz. Sin embargo, aún no se ha demostrado si el COVID-19 fue la etiología definitiva de la artritis.

Relative dentin and enamel abrasivity of charcoal toothpastes.

OBJECTIVES: Very little data are known about charcoal toothpastes. The aim of this study was to counteract the missing data by determining the relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) and relative enamel abrasivity (REA) values of charcoal toothpastes. METHODS: Radioactively charged dentin and enamel samples were randomly divided into groups of eight specimens. Each group was brushed with two of total 12 charcoal toothpaste slurries and with a standard abrasive with a known RDA and REA value. The measured radioactivity in counts per minute within the slurries corresponds to the amount of dentin or enamel abraded. RDA and REA values of the charcoal toothpastes were expressed relative to the known value of the standard slurry. RESULTS: The RDA and REA values of the charcoal toothpastes have a broad range of 24-166 and 0-14, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The RDA and REA values do not differ significantly from previously tested commercially available toothpastes. However, the lack of fluoride compounds in many of the investigated charcoal toothpastes can have a less beneficial effect for the consumers. It is very important to educate patients accordingly.

Dimensions of passion and their relationship to the risk of exercise addiction: Cultural and gender differences.

This study was performed to investigate further the two-dimensional aspect of passion and its relationship to the risk of exercise addiction (REA) in nine nations and to clarify the unresolved gender differences. The here reported results stem from the reanalysis of data gathered in three previous empirical studies. The analyses demonstrated that harmonious (HP) and obsessive (OP) passion are two independent, non-interacting predictors of the REA, the prevalence of which was 12.1 % in the current sample that included 1448 people (age = 30.49 ± SD = 11.17 years; 55 % men), who exercised at least three hours per week. Furthermore, the results show that HP and OP could co-exist as a single 'total' or 'true' passion within the individual or in high-low HP and OP proportions, supporting the proposal for one, two-dimensional passion. Indeed, most people at REA demonstrated both high HP and high OP. The weekly amount of exercise was weakly associated with the two dimensions of passion. Relatively specific cultural differences in the REA and OP, but not HP, have emerged. The results also demonstrate that when a minimal weekly volume of training (i.e., 3 h) is a criterion for participant recruitment, no gender differences occur in the REA.

Rational capacity and criminal responsibility in the USA.

The United States Supreme Court recently found that an insanity defense based upon moral incapacity was not constitutionally required. This decision allows states with a moral incapacity insanity defense, i.e., most states, to abolish their insanity defense. Unfortunately, the Court's opinion was based upon conflated concepts without considering irrationality, traditionally and universally the indispensable core element of insanity standards. This present perspective review attempts to clarify and disambiguate the critical concepts of instrumental and rational capacities as applied to insanity standards. With a proper understanding and application of these distinctly different capacities, insanity standards that at least incorporate rationality should in the future meet the Court's touchstone for determining constitutionally required due process.

Beyond the Present-Fault Paradigm: Expanding Mens rea Definitions in the General Part.

This article explores the use of mens rea terms in the criminal general part. We contend the current law fails properly to conceptualise mens rea for a large category of offences, namely bespoke/substantive inchoate offences, attempt, conspiracy, assisting and encouraging, and the general offence of complicity. These offences involve two conduct events: one in the present and one in future. However, current mens rea terms are defined as if applied to the more conventional category of criminal offence which only involves present conduct-a practice which we term the 'present-fault paradigm'. We explore the limits of current mens rea terms, defined for present-conduct targets (circumstances and results), when applied to future-conduct ulterior targets within inchoate and complicity offences. We contend that current mens rea definitions and analysis within the general part are inappropriate for targeting elements related to future conduct/offending, and we suggest more appropriate bases for conceptualising such mens rea.

Detection of paternal origin of fetal de novo rea(21q;21q) down syndrome in a pregnancy of a young woman associated with an abnormal first-trimester maternal serum screening result.

OBJECTIVE: We present detection of paternal origin of fetal de novo rea(21q;21q) Down syndrome in a pregnancy of a young woman associated with an abnormal first-trimester maternal serum screening result. CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of an abnormal first-trimester screening result of 1/139 risk of Down syndrome calculated by 3.109 multiples of the median (MoM) of maternal serum free ß-hCG and 0.454 MoM of pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Her husband was 29 years old, and the couple had a 1-year-old healthy daughter. Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,+21,der(21;21)(q10;q10). The pregnancy was terminated at 19 weeks of gestation, and a malformed fetus was delivered. The parental karyotypes were normal. Postnatal analysis of the umbilical cord showed a karyotype of 46,XX,+21,der(21;21) (q10;q10). Polymorphic DNA marker analysis on the DNA extracted from parental bloods and umbilical cord confirmed a paternal origin of the de novo rea(21q;21q) Down syndrome. CONCLUSION: Prenatal diagnosis of de novo rea(21q;21q) Down syndrome should include a polymorphic DNA marker analysis of the parental origin, and the acquired information is useful for genetic counseling of the recurrence of unbalanced rea(21q;21q) offspring and the determination of low-level tissue mosaicism or gonadal mosaicism in one of the parents.

Mild Hydrothermal Synthesis of 11Å-TA from Alumina Extracted Coal Fly Ash and Its Application in Water Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions (Cu(II) and Pb(II)).

Non-biodegradable copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) contaminants in water are highly toxic and have series adverse effects. Therefore, it is very important to extract heavy metals from wastewater before it is discharged into the environment. Adsorption is a cost-effective alternative method for wastewater treatment. Choosing a low-cost adsorbent can help reduce the cost of adsorption. In this study, conversion of reside after extracting aluminum (REA) produced by sub-molten salt method transform high-alumina coal fly ash (CFA) into 11Å-tobermorite to adsorb Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions at room temperature. The synthesis of the adsorbent was confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method surface analysis. To study the adsorption characteristics, factors such as initial Cu(II) and Pb(II) concentration, pH, contact time, adsorption characteristics and temperature were investigated in batch mode. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) and Pb(II) was 177.1 mg·g-1 and 176.2 mg·g-1, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption model was employed to better describe the isothermal adsorption behavior and confirm the monolayer adsorption phenomenon. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to highlight Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the removal Cu(II) and Pb(II) by TA-adsorbent was a nonspontaneous and exothermic reaction. The obtained results are of great significance to the conversion of industrial waste to low-cost adsorbent for Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal from water.

Rationality Was Lost on the United States Supreme Court in Its Kahler Decision.

In its recent Kahler decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Kansas' abolition of the state's insanity defense was constitutional. It did so by framing the matter as a choice between the state's mensrea defense and a moral capacity defense, then mischaracterizing the mensrea defense as a type of insanity defense. In analyzing the two approaches, the Court missed the fundamental importance of rationality in criminal mental responsibility, a constitutional requirement for other criminal competencies, and a condition well described in the Court's Panetti ruling. The Court's acceptance of the abolition of a special insanity defense is a public policy in the direction of further criminalizing and punishing rather than providing prompt and proper treatment to those with serious mental illness, at a time when increasing modern research demonstrates the success of insanity acquittee dispositions with improved treatment and management resulting in lower rates of relapse and criminal recidivism.